# Practical CTF

## Practical CTF

- [Home - Practical CTF](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/readme.md): A big collection of my notes for Capture The Flag (CTF) challenges and Hacking Techniques
- [Enumeration](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/enumeration.md): Find all content and functionality on a website, to get an idea of the attack surface. Often through fuzzing
- [Finding Hosts & Domains](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/enumeration/finding-hosts-and-domains.md): Find domain names and hosts relating to a company
- [Masscan](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/enumeration/masscan.md): Use masscan to asynchronously scan for open ports at incredible speeds, then later analyze the results with other tools
- [Nmap](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/enumeration/nmap.md): Network scanning tool with enumeration script to get detailed information about TCP/UDP ports, and the underlying system
- [OSINT](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/enumeration/osint.md): Open Source INTelligence: Abusing public information
- [Client-Side](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side.md): Attacks on the browser, often involving the victim landing on an attacker's site
- [Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/cross-site-scripting-xss.md): Inject JavaScript code on victims to perform actions on their behalf
- [HTML Injection](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/cross-site-scripting-xss/html-injection.md): Tricks possible with malicious HTML, in case XSS is not quite possible
- [Content-Security-Policy (CSP)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/cross-site-scripting-xss/content-security-policy-csp.md): The CSP response header restricts what resources are allowed to execute, but can sometimes be bypassed
- [postMessage Exploitation](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/cross-site-scripting-xss/postmessage-exploitation.md): Send cross-origin messages with arbitrary data, which can easily lead to Cross-Site Scripting in vulnerable handler that fail to verify the origin
- [CSS Injection](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/css-injection.md): Injecting CSS code to leak content on a page using selectors
- [Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/cross-site-request-forgery-csrf.md): Submitting data-altering requests blindly from your domain on the client-side. Cookies are automatically sent, often requiring CSRF tokens as protection
- [XS-Leaks](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/xs-leaks.md): Leaking information cross-site often through private search features
- [Client-Side Path Traversal (CSPT)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/client-side-path-traversal-cspt.md): Using ../ sequences and URL parts to rewrite requests made by the browser
- [CRLF / Header Injection](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/crlf-header-injection.md): Manipulate HTTP headers in your favor or insert completely new ones with even more control
- [Window Popup Tricks](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/window-popup-tricks.md): Abusing browser functionality to do interesting things with popups and interactions
- [WebSockets](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/websockets.md)
- [Caching](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/caching.md): Remember static content to resolve less requests by the backend
- [Headless Browsers](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/client-side/headless-browsers.md): Tricks for dealing with input into headless browsers on the server, using client-side methods
- [Server-Side](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/server-side.md): Attacks that have impact on the server, often by abusing dangerous functionality
- [SQL Injection](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/server-side/sql-injection.md): An infamous and simple attack where code is injected where data should be, rewriting the SQL Query
- [NoSQL Injection](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/server-side/nosql-injection.md): NoSQL databases are a type of database where objects are used instead of SQL strings. MongoDB is common but more are vulnerable
- [GraphQL](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/server-side/graphql.md): Query structured data through an API and perform mutations with authorization
- [XML External Entities (XXE)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/server-side/xml-external-entities-xxe.md): Injecting Entities into XML data to read local files and exfiltrate data
- [HTTP Request Smuggling](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/server-side/http-request-smuggling.md): Parsing of Content-Length and Transfer-Encoding headers leads to messing with boundaries of requests
- [Local File Disclosure](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/server-side/local-file-disclosure.md): Gain information by reading files on a web server, also known as Local File Inclusion (LFI)
- [Arbitrary File Write](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/server-side/arbitrary-file-write.md): Being able to create or overwrite files on a server, often causing Remote Code Execution (RCE)
- [Reverse Proxies](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/server-side/reverse-proxies.md): Servers on top of web applications that route traffic, manage headers and more
- [ImageMagick](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/server-side/imagemagick.md): A tool/library for converting and editing images of many formats, with some older versions having known vulnerabilities
- [Frameworks](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/frameworks.md): Libraries for specific programming languages that make development easier, with their own quirks
- [Flask](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/frameworks/flask.md): A Python library working with Werkzeug and Jinja2
- [Ruby on Rails](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/frameworks/ruby-on-rails.md): A common web framework for the Ruby Programming Language
- [NodeJS](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/frameworks/nodejs.md): The backend for running JavaScript as a server or application
- [Bun](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/frameworks/bun.md): An alternative JavaScript runtime with unique libraries and quirks
- [WordPress](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/frameworks/wordpress.md): A popular Content Management System (CMS) for static content, with a visual UI
- [Angular](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/frameworks/angular.md): Frontend framework with template-like syntax
- [Encodings](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/encodings.md)
- [Ciphers](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/ciphers.md): Ways to encrypt text. Often methods used a long time ago to send secret messages
- [AES](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/aes.md): The Advanced Encryption Standard is a common symmetric encryption standard with a few different modes of operation
- [Asymmetric Encryption](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/asymmetric-encryption.md): Using Public and Private keys to securely transmit data in a way that only the recipients can decrypt it
- [RSA](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/asymmetric-encryption/rsa.md): An encryption standard using prime number factorization to encrypt and decrypt with an asymmetric keypair
- [Diffie-Hellman](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/asymmetric-encryption/diffie-hellman.md): The Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange uses asymmetric encryption to set up a shared secret for symmetric encryption
- [PGP / GPG](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/asymmetric-encryption/pgp-gpg.md): The "Pretty Good Privacy" asymmetric encryption scheme used in email and sending encrypted or signed messages
- [Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNG)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/pseudo-random-number-generators-prng.md): Often the default random function in whatever language is not cryptographically secure, making it possible to predict values
- [Hashing](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/hashing.md): One-way functions that generate a unique hash of some data
- [Cracking Hashes](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/hashing/cracking-hashes.md): The point of hashes are that you can't reverse them, but we can sometimes find the original text by brute-forcing
- [Cracking Signatures](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/hashing/cracking-signatures.md): Some examples of signature implementations (often HMAC) that can be cracked using hashcat
- [XOR](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/xor.md): An operation between bits used often in cryptography
- [Custom Ciphers](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/custom-ciphers.md): "Never roll your own crypto" is a saying for a reason. It's hard to make a secure cryptographic algorithm because there are many ways it may be broken
- [Z3 Solver](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/custom-ciphers/z3-solver.md): The Z3 Theorem Prover can automatically solve puzzles in Python
- [Timing Attacks](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/timing-attacks.md): Using timing information to extract information
- [Blockchain](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/blockchain.md)
- [Smart Contracts](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/blockchain/smart-contracts.md): A few small bits about attacking Smart Contracts in Web3
- [Bitcoin addresses](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cryptography/blockchain/bitcoin-addresses.md): A bit of information about Bitcoin addresses
- [Wireshark](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/forensics/wireshark.md): A popular tool to analyze and extract data from network packet captures
- [File Formats](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/forensics/file-formats.md): What to do with a file you don't understand
- [Archives](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/forensics/archives.md): Different kinds of file archives, like ZIP, RAR or TAR
- [Memory Dumps (Volatility)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/forensics/memory-dumps-volatility.md): Big dump of the RAM on a system. Use tools like volatility to analyze the dumps and get information about what happened
- [VBA Macros](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/forensics/vba-macros.md): Visual Basic for Applications is a programming language used to create macro scripts for Microsoft office apps
- [Grep](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/forensics/grep.md): Search for text inside of files
- [Git](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/forensics/git.md): A version control system often saving lots of information about how files were changes
- [File Recovery](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/forensics/file-recovery.md): Recovering content of deleted files
- [Ghidra](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/reverse-engineering/ghidra.md): A reverse engineering tool made by the NSA with a powerful decompiler
- [Angr Solver](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/reverse-engineering/angr-solver.md): A binary analysis tool in Python to automatically find paths to code
- [Reversing C# - .NET / Unity](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/reverse-engineering/reversing-c-.net-unity.md): Reverse Engineering executable files compiled with C# .NET (including Unity)
- [PowerShell](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/reverse-engineering/powershell.md): Deobfuscate heavily-obfuscated PowerShell scripts to find their source code
- [Reverse Engineering for Pwn](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/binary-exploitation/reverse-engineering-for-pwn.md): Understand the binary and find vulnerabilities by analyzing it
- [PwnTools](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/binary-exploitation/pwntools.md): A Python library that helps in creating scripts for binary exploitation, doing many things automagically
- [ret2win](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/binary-exploitation/ret2win.md): Jump to a predefined function in the binary, even with arguments
- [ret2libc](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/binary-exploitation/ret2libc.md): Using a buffer overflow to call the libc system("/bin/sh") function
- [Shellcode](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/binary-exploitation/shellcode.md): Writing and debugging your own shellcode
- [Stack Canaries](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/binary-exploitation/stack-canaries.md): Two protections that use a secret unpredictable value to reduce exploitability in memory corruption. Learn how to bypass them in certain scenarios
- [Return-Oriented Programming (ROP)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/binary-exploitation/return-oriented-programming-rop.md): Return-Oriented Programming is a common technique for exploiting buffer overflows by executing gadgets to do what you want
- [SigReturn-Oriented Programming (SROP)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/binary-exploitation/return-oriented-programming-rop/sigreturn-oriented-programming-srop.md): A special technique in ROP to set all registers only using a syscall
- [ret2dlresolve](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/binary-exploitation/return-oriented-programming-rop/ret2dlresolve.md): A way to exploit buffer overflows using ROP when not many gadgets are available, and Full RELRO is disabled
- [Sandboxes (chroot, seccomp & namespaces)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/binary-exploitation/sandboxes-chroot-seccomp-and-namespaces.md): Escaping from sandboxes environments by exploiting the capabilities that were left open
- [Race Conditions](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/binary-exploitation/race-conditions.md): Multiple processes running at the same time messing with each other or interrupting code with other code to create brief flawed states
- [Setup](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/mobile/setup.md): Setting up an Android testing environment
- [Reversing APKs](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/mobile/reversing-apks.md): Decompiling and understanding unknown APKs, using dynamic and static testing
- [Patching APKs](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/mobile/patching-apks.md): After decompiling the code, you can change code and build the app again to patch the APK, and make it do different things
- [HTTP(S) Proxy for Android](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/mobile/http-s-proxy-for-android.md): Intercept traffic going from and to an emulated Android device with Burp Suite
- [Frida](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/mobile/frida.md): A JavaScript tool to interact with running Android applications through code
- [Android Backup](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/mobile/android-backup.md): Extracting information from an Android Backup (.ab) file
- [Compiling C for Android](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/mobile/compiling-c-for-android.md): Compile and run C programs on Android to debug pieces of code
- [iOS](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/mobile/ios.md): Reverse Engineering iOS applications in .app format
- [Python](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/python.md): Some tricks specific to the Python language
- [JavaScript](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/javascript.md): A very popular language used to create interactivity on the web, and on the backend using NodeJS
- [Prototype Pollution](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/javascript/prototype-pollution.md): Exploit recursive property setting functions with special .\_\_proto\_\_ and .prototype options to add fallbacks to other property accesses
- [PHP](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/php.md): Some tricks specific to the PHP web programming language
- [Java](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/java.md): An Object-Oriented programming language often used in enterprise environments
- [C#](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/c.md): C Sharp and the .NET Framework
- [Assembly](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/assembly.md): A few cheatsheet-like things about the Assembly language
- [Markdown](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/markdown.md): Markdown is an easy to use markup language used in the Github README for example
- [LaTeX](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/latex.md): A powerful language for text markup and document generation, but dangerous for user input
- [JSON](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/json.md): JSON is a widely used format to store structured data, with arrays and dictionary keys
- [YAML](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/yaml.md): Yet Another Markup Language
- [CodeQL](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/codeql.md): A query language for repositories of code
- [NASL (Nessus Plugins)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/nasl-nessus-plugins.md): Nessus Attack Scripting Language for writing plugins
- [Regular Expressions (RegEx)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/languages/regular-expressions-regex.md): Regular Expressions are a syntax for writing patterns to match for. Lot of symbols mean something allowing you to write complex rules in a very short string
- [Modbus - TCP/502](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/networking/modbus-tcp-502.md): A protocol for PLCs to store values in coils, inputs, and registers at addresses
- [Redis/Valkey - TCP/6379](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/networking/redis-valkey-tcp-6379.md): An in-memory data store often used to store small data like cache, sessions or queues
- [Shells](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/linux/hacking-linux-boxes.md): Specific tricks to get a shell for hacking Linux-based boxes
- [Bash](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/linux/bash.md): Useful commands/syntax and bash tricks
- [Linux Privilege Escalation](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/linux/linux-privilege-escalation.md): Go from a low-privilege user to a higher one to gain access to things you're not supposed to
- [Enumeration](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/linux/linux-privilege-escalation/enumeration.md): Finding information about the target system find vulnerabilities to allow privilege escalation
- [Networking](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/linux/linux-privilege-escalation/networking.md): How to best communicate between you and everything on your target
- [Command Triggers](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/linux/linux-privilege-escalation/command-triggers.md): Finding commands that are / can be executed with elevated privileges
- [Command Exploitation](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/linux/linux-privilege-escalation/command-exploitation.md): Exploiting commands that are executed with elevated privileges to do more than you are supposed to
- [Outdated Versions](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/linux/linux-privilege-escalation/outdated-versions.md): Some common services run with elevated privileges, and can be dangerous if set up incorrectly or are outdated
- [Network File Sharing (NFS)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/linux/linux-privilege-escalation/network-file-sharing-nfs.md): Sharing a fileserver over the network sometimes allows you to upload files as root and escalate privileges
- [Docker](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/linux/linux-privilege-escalation/docker.md): Use containers to run applications in a reproducible and isolated environment
- [Filesystem Permissions](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/linux/linux-privilege-escalation/filesystem-permissions.md): Wrong permissions on files may lead to someone doing what they should not be allowed to
- [Analyzing Processes](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/linux/analyzing-processes.md): Find detailed information about other running processes using the /proc folder and other tricks
- [Scanning/Spraying](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/scanning-spraying.md): Finding your attack surface and testing credentials
- [Exploitation](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/exploitation.md): When you find a vulnerability, Windows has some specific ways to exploit it that differ from Linux
- [Local Enumeration](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/local-enumeration.md): Get information about a compromised machine from the to find possible ways to escalate privileges
- [Local Privilege Escalation](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/local-privilege-escalation.md): Escalate privileges on a local computer to become a more powerful user
- [Windows Authentication](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/windows-authentication.md): Kerberos & NTLM
- [Kerberos](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/windows-authentication/kerberos.md): The newest Active Directory authentication protocol with less flaws than NetNTLM, but still some possible attacks
- [NTLM](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/windows-authentication/ntlm.md): A legacy authentication protocol for Active Directory with many flaws and dangers
- [Lateral Movement](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/lateral-movement.md): Moving between computers by re-using accounts to get more access
- [Active Directory Privilege Escalation](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/active-directory-privilege-escalation.md): Traverse the Active Directory permissions to escalate your privileges and access more
- [Persistence](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/persistence.md): When a computer or even the entire domain is compromised, how do you keep it that way?                  (note: not normally required in a pentest)
- [Antivirus Evasion](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/antivirus-evasion.md): Getting your payload and tools through antivirus protections by obfuscating them or disabling protections
- [Metasploit](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/metasploit.md): Using existing exploits from the Metasploit Framework (MSF) to quickly take over machines and escalate privileges
- [Alternate Data Streams (ADS)](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/windows/alternate-data-streams-ads.md): In a NTFS file system, files can have multiple streams with extra data
- [Kubernetes](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cloud/kubernetes.md): Container Orchestration for managing big scalable infrastructure of containerized applications
- [Microsoft Azure](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/cloud/microsoft-azure.md): The Microsoft Azure cloud, and how to attack certain parts of it
- [Business Logic Errors](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/other/business-logic-errors.md): Finding flaws of the logic in an application. Instead of complex injections, break the regular flow or perform unexpected actions
- [Password Managers](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/other/password-managers.md): Passwords stored in a central vault, which may have some weaknesses depending on your target
- [ANSI Escape Codes](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/other/ansi-escape-codes.md): Use special escape codes in the terminal to set colors, change the screen or perform other actions
- [WSL Tips](https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/other/wsl-tips.md): Using Windows Subsystem Linux as your attacker environment